Updated on Jul 4, 2026

Best Market Intelligence Tools for B2B

We ran the same twelve target accounts through ten market intelligence platforms, and the split that surprised our team most was philosophical. Half of these tools tell you what a market is doing. The other half tell you what to say when a rep walks into a competitive deal. Few do both, and the pricing rarely warns you which one you bought.

Tested by

Lead Gen Manager Team

Market intelligence is one of those categories that means five different things depending on who signed the contract. A demand gen lead wants intent signals. A product marketer wants a battlecard that survives contact with a real sales call. A strategy analyst wants total addressable market math that holds up in a board deck. We spent the testing window loading the same twelve-account target list into every platform, pulling intent reports on the same three categories, and building a battlecard against the same competitor to see which tools delivered usable intelligence and which just repackaged a search engine.

The ten platforms below sort into three jobs: digital benchmarking, contact and intent data, and competitive enablement. A few try to straddle two of those. Here is where each one earns its keep, and where it quietly hopes you will not look too closely.

At a Glance

Compare the top tools side-by-side

Similarweb Read detailed review
Digital Benchmarking
RocketReach Read detailed review
Contact Lookup
BookYourData Read detailed review
On-Demand Prospect Lists
ZoomInfo Read detailed review
Enterprise TAM Coverage
Amplemarket Read detailed review
AI Market Signals
WhatConverts Read detailed review
Lead Attribution
Bombora Read detailed review
B2B Intent Depth
Crayon Read detailed review
Competitive Tracking
Klue Read detailed review
Battlecard Enablement
G2 Buyer Intent Read detailed review
In-Market Detection

What makes the best market intelligence tools?

How we evaluate and test apps

These reviews are written by people who actually ran the searches, pulled the intent reports, and sat inside the admin panels for weeks, not an afternoon. Our team compared what each platform returned against a target list we already knew well. No vendor paid for a ranking, and no affiliate arrangement moved a product up or down this list. What you read reflects what the software surfaced on our screens, not what a sales deck promised.

Market intelligence, in B2B, is the practice of turning public and behavioral signals into decisions about who to sell to, what to say, and where the market is heading. The term is stretched to breaking point. A tool that estimates a competitor’s web traffic and a tool that scrapes review sites to build a sales battlecard are both filed under market intelligence, and they answer completely different questions. One informs strategy. The other wins a specific deal on a Tuesday.

That breadth is exactly why buyers overpay. A team that needs to know which accounts are in-market does not need a digital benchmarking suite, and a product marketer building competitive content does not need a 700-million-record contact database. So we evaluated each tool against the job it is actually bought to do.

Signal source and honesty about it. Intent and traffic data come from somewhere: a publisher cooperative, first-party platform behavior, panel estimates, or crawled public sources. We weighted tools that are transparent about provenance and accuracy. Independent testing puts some intent signals near 81 percent accuracy, which means roughly one in five flagged accounts is noise, and a good vendor tells you that upfront.

Account-level versus contact-level resolution. Many intent tools tell you a company is researching your category but not which human to call. That gap forces a second purchase. We noted every platform that stops at the company name and needs an enrichment layer bolted on before a rep can act.

Does the intelligence actually reach the rep, or does it die in a dashboard nobody opens? The competitive tools live or die on delivery. We checked whether battlecards and alerts surface inside Salesforce, Slack, and Teams at the moment a competitor is logged, or whether someone has to remember to go look.

Coverage and market fit. Every tool has a blind spot. Traffic estimators need volume and degrade badly below roughly 100,000 monthly visits. Review-based intent only fires when your buyers actually use review sites. Contact databases skew strong in North America and thinner in EMEA and APAC. Coverage is not a footnote; it decides whether the data is usable in your market.

Refresh cadence and integration depth. A weekly surge report is a different product from a real-time visitor alert, and native CRM and ABM connectors decide whether the signal triggers action or waits for a manual export.

Our core test held steady across vendors: load the same twelve target accounts, pull a surge or research report on three shared categories, then cross-check the flagged accounts against opportunities we knew were live or dead in a test CRM. Two platforms confidently surfaced accounts that had gone silent for a full quarter. For the competitive tools, we built one battlecard against a named rival and timed how long it took to land inside a deal record. That single exercise separated the platforms that arm a rep from the ones that just archive intel.

Best Market Intelligence for Digital Market Benchmarking

Similarweb

Pros

  • Cross-channel view unifies traffic, SEO, paid search, referrals, and social
  • Category traffic share across 190 countries proxies market size without surveys
  • Sales Intelligence module adds intent and technographic filters for outbound
  • CRM enrichment into Salesforce and HubSpot without manual entry

Cons

  • Sites under roughly 100,000 monthly visits return “not enough data”
  • Estimates for niche domains can miss actual figures by 30 to 50 percent
  • Pricing is quote-driven and opaque above the self-serve tier

The reason Similarweb tops this list for benchmarking is the cross-channel view. In one screen you can put a competitor’s domain against your own and see how traffic splits across organic, paid search, referrals, display, and social, all at once, rather than stitching that picture together from four separate tools. We loaded three named rivals into a comparison and had a month-over-month channel breakdown in minutes. For a marketing team deciding where to spend next quarter, that single view answers the question most analytics stacks cannot: not how you are doing, but how you are doing relative to the people you are losing to.

The market sizing capability is what earns it a place in a strategy toolkit and not just a marketing one. Similarweb measures category-level traffic share across 190 countries, which lets an analyst proxy total addressable market and growth from digital footprint alone, no panel survey required. It is directional, not audited, and for early-stage landscape mapping or an investment thesis that speed matters more than a second decimal place.

There is a second product bolted on here worth knowing about. The Sales Intelligence module layers buyer intent signals, technographic filters, and contact discovery on top of the traffic data, with an AI prospecting agent that takes a natural-language company description and returns matching accounts across more than 50 firmographic and behavioral filters. For B2B teams who care about which accounts are showing research activity, it overlaps with what a dedicated intent tool does, under one vendor.

Now the hard limit, and it is a real one. Similarweb runs on statistical models that need volume. Point it at a site under roughly 100,000 monthly visits and you will get “not enough data” or an estimate wide enough to be useless. For niche domains the figures can deviate from reality by 30 to 50 percent. This is a tool for benchmarking established players in high-traffic categories, not for scouting small competitors.

The commercial experience is the other friction. Entry plans start around the low four figures per year and enterprise tiers climb past $35,000, with opaque, quote-driven pricing at most levels and export limits on the cheaper plans. The UI also gets reworked often, which repeatedly disrupts saved workflows for anyone who logs in weekly. For a mid-market to enterprise team benchmarking real competitors across regions, though, nothing else here reads the digital market this cleanly.


Best Market Intelligence for Contact and Company Lookup

RocketReach

Pros

  • 700M professional profiles and 60M companies behind standard search filters
  • Chrome extension surfaces contact data inline on LinkedIn and company sites
  • Individual plans start near $33 per month with no minimum seat count

Cons

  • Dual credit system splits lookups from exports, and exports run out first
  • Email accuracy lands mid-70s to mid-80s, with 20 to 30 percent bounce rates cited
  • Intent and technographic signals are locked behind the top Ultimate tier
  • Auto-renewing annual billing draws repeated complaints about cancellation

The first thing we noticed running RocketReach was how quickly the Chrome extension pays for itself. Open a LinkedIn profile, click the icon, and email plus a direct dial surface inline without leaving the tab. During an hour of sourcing on a target account, that inline lookup turned a stop-start research process into a continuous one, and it is the single feature that keeps individual reps subscribed.

Underneath sits a large index: 700 million professional profiles and 60 million companies, searchable by job title, industry, location, and company size, with bulk CSV enrichment that pushes filled records straight into Salesforce, HubSpot, Outreach, or Salesloft. For a RevOps team cleaning a CRM full of half-empty records, that batch workflow handles the job without any custom API work. At roughly $33 a month for an individual email-only plan and no minimum seat count, it is one of the few serious databases a solo rep can actually afford.

Then the credit system reminds you who designed it. RocketReach separates lookup credits from export credits, and in practice the exports run dry while lookups remain, which blocks you from using the data you just found. That split is not a rounding error; it is a hard cap on how much enriched data leaves the platform per cycle. The free plan gives five lookups total, not monthly, so meaningful trial evaluation is off the table.

Data quality is where the price starts to make sense. Third-party analyses put email accuracy in the mid-70s to mid-80s, with 20 to 30 percent bounce rates reported across reviews, and direct-dial coverage is weaker still, especially outside North America. If you are running high-volume cold email and care about deliverability, that bounce rate is a deliverability risk you have to plan around. Intent and technographic signals exist but sit behind the Ultimate tier, so the market-intelligence layer is a paid upgrade, not part of the base product. RocketReach is a strong US-focused lookup engine at an accessible price, and you should treat its data as a starting point to verify, not a finished list.


Best Market Intelligence for On-Demand Prospect Lists

BookYourData

Pros

  • Pay-as-you-go credits never expire and carry no subscription lock-in
  • 97 percent accuracy guarantee refunds credits for any record that misses
  • Real-time email verification runs at export, not off a stale snapshot
  • Independent 500-contact test showed hard bounce near 2.4 percent
  • 100+ filters across 200+ countries build a list in minutes

Cons

  • Phone number accuracy is consistently weaker than email
  • No sequencing, intent, or CRM automation; it is a data source only

Picture the team that prospects in bursts. A campaign kicks off in March, another in September, and between them nobody needs a seat sitting idle on a monthly invoice. BookYourData is built for exactly that operator. Credits are pay-as-you-go, they never expire, and there is no recurring commitment, so a small sales team can buy a list for a specific campaign and walk away without watching a subscription meter run. For seasonal and occasional prospecting, that model alone removes the quiet pressure to over-consume data just to justify a spend.

For an email-first operator, the numbers hold up where it counts. BookYourData triple-verifies its 250-million-plus records and validates every address in real time at the point of export rather than trusting a database snapshot from last quarter. An independent 500-contact benchmark put hard bounces near 2.4 percent, which is meaningfully lower than several larger providers, and the 97 percent accuracy guarantee refunds credits instantly for any record that misses. That refund mechanism aligns the vendor’s incentive with your deliverability, which is rarer than it should be in this category.

Building the list is quick. More than 100 targeting filters cover industry, company size, job title, location, and technology stack across 200-plus countries, and the CSV or Excel output drops cleanly into most CRMs with no formal onboarding. A rep can go from filter to download in minutes.

The honest gaps are two. Phone accuracy trails email quality by a wide margin, so a call-heavy outbound motion is the wrong fit here. And this is strictly a data source: there is no sequencing, no intent scoring, no outreach tooling, so you still need a separate platform to actually send. Per-contact cost around $0.40 at the entry tier also gets expensive on very large campaigns compared with high-volume subscriptions. For a team that wants clean, deliverable email lists on demand and already owns a sending stack, BookYourData does its one job well.


Best Market Intelligence for Enterprise TAM Coverage

ZoomInfo

Pros

  • Deepest and broadest active B2B database, continuously crowdsourced
  • Scoops and org charts add leadership moves, funding, and reporting maps
  • Intent streams flag accounts researching specific topics across the web

Cons

  • Aggressive sales tactics and rigid, auto-renewing multi-year contracts
  • Pricing sits far above nimbler competitors on comparable features
  • Interface is overwhelming for simple prospecting due to feature bloat
  • Per-user export limits and complex GDPR configuration

Depth is the whole argument for ZoomInfo. It runs the deepest and broadest active B2B database on the market, backed by continuous crowdsourced enrichment, and for mapping total addressable market at enterprise scale nothing else here matches it. When you need to find niche contacts inside large, obscure, or highly secure organizations, the coverage holds where cheaper databases return blanks. For a revenue operation maintaining data hygiene across a 100-plus seat sales org, that scale is the reason the contract gets signed.

The intelligence layer goes well past contacts. Scoops surface qualitative intel on leadership changes and funding rounds, org charts map precise reporting relationships before a first call, and intent streams track consumption of specific B2B topics across the web to flag which accounts are in-market now. For complex enterprise sales, walking into a call already knowing the hierarchy and the recent funding event is a real advantage over a flat contact list.

All of that power comes wrapped in a commercial experience buyers routinely describe as painful. ZoomInfo is known for aggressive sales tactics and rigid, auto-renewing multi-year contracts, and its price points sit astronomically above nimbler competitors offering similar baseline features. Strict per-user export limits are enforced to prevent bulk scraping, GDPR compliance requires careful manual configuration, and the interface can overwhelm anyone who just wants a few contacts. This is enterprise infrastructure priced and sold as such. If your organization has the scale to use the depth, it delivers; if you do not, you are paying for a titan to do a job a lighter tool would handle.


Best Market Intelligence for AI-Driven Market Signals

Amplemarket

Pros

  • Trigger events fire sequences the moment a target posts a relevant job
  • Native multichannel flow across email, LinkedIn, voice messages, and calls
  • Deliverability infrastructure with built-in warming and mailbox rotation
  • Personalization AI rarely reads as automated

Cons

  • Misconfigured automation rules can tip into SPAM violations
  • Steep setup curve for complex multichannel playbooks

Setting up a trigger in Amplemarket is where its pitch clicked for us. We configured a sequence to launch automatically when a target company posted a specific job opening, and the signal-to-send loop closed with no manual handoff in between. That is the product in a sentence: it harvests buying-signal trigger events like funding rounds, hiring spikes, and tech-stack changes, then fires perfectly timed outreach off them. For a modern SaaS team that wants market signals to drive action rather than sit in a report, that automation is the reason to look.

What separates it from a plain sequencer is the orchestration. Amplemarket natively strings together email, LinkedIn connections, automated voice notes, and calls in a single intelligent flow, so a prospect gets touched across channels without a rep stitching three tools together. The AI personalization is precise enough that the generated copy rarely sounds machine-written, which matters when volume and quality usually trade off against each other.

The deliverability layer is unusually serious for an outbound tool. Built-in email warming and mailbox rotation manage sender reputation across hundreds of inboxes automatically, which is exactly the infrastructure high-volume senders normally cobble together themselves. That same power is the risk. Turn the automation rules the wrong way and you can tip straight into SPAM violations, and the LinkedIn automation depends on continuous browser sessions that can trigger bans if pushed too hard.

Two more caveats before committing. The learning curve for complex multichannel playbooks is steep next to a basic email tool, and pricing runs premium against all-in-one options like Apollo, with hard caps on dynamic mailbox rotation by tier. Amplemarket is a strong fit for a sophisticated outbound team that will actually use the signal automation; it is overkill for a field sales motion built on face-to-face relationships.


Best Market Intelligence for Lead Source Attribution

WhatConverts

Pros

  • Calls, forms, chats, and transactions tracked in one dashboard
  • Dynamic number insertion attributes calls to source and keyword
  • Lead Intelligence AI scores leads against roughly 70 data points

Cons

  • Usage-based billing makes monthly cost hard to forecast
  • No outbound dialing or sales engagement; inbound attribution only
  • Several CRM integrations lean on Zapier rather than native connectors

The billing is the first thing to understand about WhatConverts, because it catches teams out. Costs are usage-based on calls and transcription, so actual spend often runs $100 to $700 a month once volume applies, well above the headline plan price, and above roughly 60 calls a day it stops scaling predictably. If you run high call volume on an entry plan, budget for the real number, not the sticker.

Past that, the attribution itself is strong. WhatConverts ties phone calls, form fills, chats, and ecommerce transactions back to the specific campaign and keyword that drove each one, all in a single dashboard rather than four reconciled tools. Dynamic number insertion swaps the on-page phone number per traffic source and keyword, so an agency can finally show cost-per-lead by keyword for calls, the conversion Google Ads alone cannot measure. The Lead Intelligence AI auto-scores leads against about 70 data points pulled from transcripts and form data, which helps an SDR team prioritize follow-up instead of treating every call equally.

For agencies specifically, the white-label layer is the draw: unlimited sub-accounts, branded client dashboards, and client login to live call recordings cut the reporting workload that eats agency hours. The honest boundaries are clear. This is purely an inbound attribution layer with no outbound dialing or sequencing, several CRM integrations depend on Zapier rather than native sync, and the lead-scoring rules carry a learning curve smaller teams underestimate. For an agency or in-house team that needs to prove which campaigns generate actual phone-and-form leads, WhatConverts does that job better than a general analytics stack.


Best Market Intelligence for B2B Intent Signal Depth

Bombora

Pros

  • Company Surge scores research spikes against each account’s own baseline
  • Data co-op of 5,500+ publisher sites, with 86 percent of signals exclusive
  • 20,100+ intent topics mapped across 17.6 billion monthly interactions
  • Native connectors to Salesforce, HubSpot, Marketo, 6sense, and Demandbase

Cons

  • Signals are account-level only and need a separate enrichment tool
  • Weekly refresh lags real-time visitor identification tools
  • Annual contracts start around $25,000 with no self-serve trial

Company Surge is the mechanism that makes Bombora more than a topic tracker. Instead of flagging any account that reads an article, it scores content consumption against that account’s own historical baseline and only fires when research spikes above it, which strips out the noise of large companies that always consume content at volume. In testing against our target list, that relative scoring meant the flagged accounts were ones with a genuine change in behavior, not just the biggest logos in the set. For an ABM team deciding where to concentrate outreach, that filtering is the whole point of buying intent data.

Behind the score sits the deepest supply in this category. Bombora runs a cooperative of more than 5,500 B2B publisher sites, and 86 percent of its signals are contributed exclusively, giving it coverage no single vendor’s owned properties can match. It maps 20,100-plus intent topics against 17.6 billion monthly interactions across nearly 4.8 million domains. Forrester named it a Leader and called it the gold standard for account-level intent feeds in its Q1 2025 Wave, and after working with the data, that positioning is defensible.

Activation is easy because the integration library is enormous. Native connectors push surge scores directly into Salesforce, HubSpot, Marketo, 6sense, Demandbase, and more than 100 other platforms, and there are 600-plus predefined audience segments for programmatic and LinkedIn campaigns. A team already running a mature CRM and ABM stack can get intent scores writing back to account records without custom work.

Two constraints matter before you sign. Bombora signals are account-level only, full stop, so knowing that a company surged tells you nothing about which individual to contact, and closing that gap means paying for a separate enrichment tool on top. The refresh cadence is weekly by default, which trails real-time visitor identification, and independent testing puts signal accuracy near 81 percent, meaning roughly one in five flagged accounts may not have real intent. Add annual contracts starting around $25,000 with no trial and no published pricing, and this becomes a deliberate infrastructure purchase for a team with the budget and the ops function to act on it. For depth of B2B intent, nothing here comes close.


Best Market Intelligence for Competitive Intelligence Tracking

Crayon

Pros

  • Automated crawling of competitor sites, review sites, news, and filings
  • Win/loss module ties deal outcomes in the CRM to named competitors
  • Battlecards embed inside Salesforce, Slack, Highspot, and Seismic

Cons

  • The intel feed surfaces high volume of low-signal items; alert fatigue hits fast
  • No native mobile app, which limits field reps away from a desktop
  • Integration depth outside Salesforce and Slack is thin
  • Quote-only pricing, typically $20,000 to $40,000+ per year

Crayon will drown you in alerts if nobody is watching. The platform continuously crawls competitor websites, review sites, news, and public filings, and that firehose is the point and the problem in equal measure. Teams without a dedicated admin to filter the feed report alert fatigue within weeks, and the intel simply stops getting read. This is not a tool you switch on and forget; it assumes a product marketer owns competitive intelligence as an actual job. Go in without that owner and the investment goes stale fast.

Give it that owner, and the automation earns its keep. Crayon detects messaging, pricing, and product changes across dozens of sources that a human could never monitor by hand, then distills the high-volume news into brief daily takeaways through AI summarization. The win/loss module is the piece that makes it more than a monitoring feed: it pulls deal outcomes from the CRM and links them to specific competitors, so a RevOps team can finally quantify which rivals cause the most losses and which battlecard content correlates with wins. That deal-level data is what justifies roadmap and messaging decisions to a skeptical leadership team.

Delivery is where Crayon is strongest. Battlecards embed directly inside Salesforce opportunity records, Slack, Highspot, and Seismic, so a rep handling a competitive objection does not leave the deal to hunt for intel. The Salesforce integration in particular is reliable and keeps everything in one interface during deal prep. Outside that core, though, integration depth drops off, there is no native mobile app as of 2025, and pricing stays quote-only in the $20,000 to $40,000-plus range. Crayon aggregates public signals well; it does not interpret nuanced strategic shifts for you, and that judgment still falls to the human running it.


Best Market Intelligence for Battlecard Enablement

Klue

Pros

  • Highest G2 score among CI platforms for battlecard usability
  • Native win-loss with buyer interviews and AI transcription after the Ignition buy
  • Compete Agent pushes deal-specific recommendations into Slack, Teams, and Salesforce
  • Automated monitoring across competitor sites, G2, Capterra, and news

Cons

  • Collaborative authoring lacks real-time co-editing and version control
  • Quote-only pricing, often $15,000 to $40,000+ per year

Crayon and Klue solve the same problem from opposite ends, and the difference decides which one fits. Where Crayon leans on breadth of monitoring and a mature win/loss correlation model, Klue leans on the quality of the card the rep actually reads. It scores highest among dedicated CI platforms on G2 for battlecard usability, and in practice that shows: the editor produces structured content a seller can act on mid-conversation, not a wall of raw intel they have to parse while a prospect waits on the line.

Delivery is the other place Klue pulls ahead for enablement specifically. The Compete Agent sends context-specific competitive recommendations to sellers during active deals through Slack, Teams, or Salesforce the moment a competitor is logged, rather than waiting for a rep to go looking. Underneath, the platform scrapes competitor websites, review sites like G2 and Capterra, news, and internal channels to keep cards current, and usage analytics tie which cards get opened to win rates, giving the CI owner a concrete feedback loop rather than a guess.

The 2025 acquisition of Ignition folded win-loss natively into the platform, so buyer interview scheduling, AI transcription, and pattern analysis across outcomes now happen in one place instead of a bolted-on second tool. That closes the gap that used to send teams to a separate win-loss vendor, though as a recently integrated module its depth is still maturing relative to the core battlecard engine.

Klue shares Crayon’s structural cost. It needs an active CI or product marketing owner to author and maintain content, or the cards go stale, and it will not build prospect lists or surface intent signals; this is competitive enablement, not market discovery. Collaborative authoring is a real weak spot, with no real-time co-editing or version control, which creates friction across multiple contributors. Pricing is quote-only and usually lands between $15,000 and $40,000 a year. For a team whose problem is winning named competitive deals, Klue is the strongest battlecard tool on this list.


Best Market Intelligence for In-Market Buyer Detection

G2 Buyer Intent

Pros

  • First-party signals from G2 behavior, not a recycled co-op feed
  • Eight signal types separate category browsers from active price comparers
  • Native connectors to Salesforce, HubSpot, 6sense, Demandbase, and Outreach

Cons

  • Only fires for buyers who actually use G2 during research
  • Account-level only; still needs a prospecting tool to find the contact
  • Five-figure annual contracts with no self-serve or trial tier

If you sell B2B software and your buyers already use G2 to shortlist vendors, this is the intent tool that fits your motion cleanly. G2 Buyer Intent surfaces which companies are viewing your profile, your pricing page, and your comparison and alternatives pages, and because that data comes straight from G2’s own platform it is first-party, not a signal recycled through a co-op network your competitors also buy. For a SaaS vendor with an established G2 presence, the signal volume scales with your review count, so the tools that already win on G2 get the richest data.

What makes it more actionable than a generic surge score is granularity. It distinguishes eight signal types, so a rep can tell the difference between an account casually browsing a category and one sitting on your pricing page comparing you against a named rival. Customer success teams use the alternatives-page signal as a churn early warning, catching a current customer researching switching options before the renewal call. Native connectors push all of it into Salesforce, HubSpot, 6sense, Demandbase, Outreach, and Salesloft without middleware.

The limits are structural and worth stating plainly. Coverage is only as good as your buyers’ G2 habit, so in industrial, healthcare, or government markets where buyers lean on analyst reports and referrals, the data will be too thin to justify the cost. Signals are account-level only, meaning a pricing-page hit still requires manual prospecting to find the human, and several users note the CRM sync pushes raw data without scoring, leaving you to build the logic. Newer products with a small G2 footprint face a cold-start problem. For an established SaaS vendor selling into a G2-native category, though, few signals are this direct.


Which market intelligence tool fits the job you are buying for?

Start from the job, not the feature list. If you need to size a market or benchmark competitors before you commit budget, the digital intelligence platforms give you directional traffic and share data faster than any primary research. If your problem is knowing which accounts are in-market right now, buy an intent tool and accept that most of them stop at the company line, so budget for enrichment on top. If you are losing competitive deals, the answer is not more data. It is battlecards that reach the rep inside the CRM, and those tools only pay off with someone owning the content.

Most of these vendors run a demo or a limited trial. Take it, load your own target list, and check the flagged accounts against deals you already understand. The tool that tells you something true about accounts you know is the one that will tell you something true about the ones you do not.